Vol. 3 Issue 2
E.I. Elmina, M.F. Hussein, A.M. Khalil and E. Elnashar
Milk samples from the dairy herd of the College of Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, were subjected to bacteriological examination, somatic cell counts and qualitative milk tests, namely pH-determination, Whiteside and MBR tests. Coagulase- positive Staphylococcus aureus was the only major pathogen isolated. This organism was responsible for subclinical mastitis in 10% of the Friesian and 20% of the Jersey cows in the herd. The corresponding counts of viable bacteria in these two breeds were 6.69 x 10^2/ml and 5.7 x 10^3/ml, respectively. The same organism was isolated from all cases of clinical mastitis met with in these cows (10% and 16.7% incidence in Friesian and Jersey cows, respectively). More than 50% of the cows also excreted large numbers o micrococci in the milk (3.9 x 10^3 - 6.5 x 10^3/ml) but these are known to cause very mild infections and are often disregarded in mastitis surveys. Somatic cell counts averaged 1,622,000/ml in cows infected with Staph aureus, 272,000/ml in those infected with micrococci and 204,000 in non-infected cows. A good correlation was noted between Whiteside and MBR tests and between these tests and bacteriological findings. The pH of the milk was slightly alkaline
A.A. Barakat, Pardul Khan and M.I. Al-Mishal
Although the application of pesticides is important for crop production, it is just as important for its impact on the environment. A rapid and efficient laboratory system has been established for the purpose of multi-residues analyses, e.g. Malathion, Diazinon, Dimethoate, Phenthoate, Methidathion, and DDVP. The basic instrumental methodologies are based on GLC. The analytical results and their significance for the different procedures are discussed and compared. In addition to the laboratory tests, the levels of pesticide residues in some vegetables and fruits from the market are presented
S.M. Hafez and R. Chaudhry
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was isolated for the first time in Saudi Arabia from tracheal mucus collected from a dead cow during an outbreak of respiratory disease associated with anaerobic bacterial infection. Cytopathic effect was detected in calf kidney cell culture on the fourth day post inoculation. The virus isolate, designated Riyadh/5, was sensitive to ether and chloroform and was neutralized by immune serum prepared against a known strain of IBR virus. The possible relationships between infections with clostridia and IBR virus are discussed and the present status of infections with IBR virus in Saudi Arabia are reviewed
M.S. Johnson
The decomposition of gel-forming polymers used to enhance water retention in sandy soils have been studied. Starch and urea-based polymers are liable to microbial degradation in a short time, whereas polyvinyl alcohol and cross-linked polyacrylamides persist in a chemically unaltered state for longer periods.
These observations have important practical implications because when decomposition occurs the gel-forming character is lost together with the ability to store moisture in drought-prone soils. Careful attention should be paid to environmental conditions in the selection of suitable polymers for specific purposes
Abou-Zeid A. Abou-Zeid, A.I. El-Diwany, M.A. Farid and H.M. Shaker
The results obtained revealed that diesel oil and n-hexadecane were the best carbon sources for the formation of SCP. Different types of petroleum products (diesel oil, kerosene and gasoline) from 'Morgan' and 'Shoeb Ali' wells were used for the formation of SCP by C. lipolytica YB-423. The protein content of 'Morgan' diesel oil SCP was about 42.5%. The suitable concentration of 'Morgan' diesel oil fraction No. 6 was about 14-18ml/100 ml medium. Comparative studies of the protein content, profile of amino acids and some elements present in different SCP produced by C. lipolytica YB-423 grown on malt medium, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on molasses medium were carried out.
M.M. Fikry and S.L. Martin
This paper investigates the economic implications of the capital investment decision in industrial cogeneration of electric energy and steam. The influencing elements in the consideration are analyzed so that their applicability to a wider industrial spectrum can be determined especially in developing countries. The potential for gain is shown to increase with higher cost of purchased energy , reduced fuel cost, greater operating hours, increased plant load and greater steam requirement.
There is consideration of the elements of value and cost as functions of the individual industrial process requirements. The individual costs, whether expended or avoided, are viewed as elements of worth in a simple cost-effectiveness model for a balance between the avoided costs versus incurred expenses. An annual before and after tax cash flow analysis is set up where the relevant elements are expressed as functions of their cost effectiveness. The direct costs are shown to be dependent on the demand and energy charges. Influence of government action on cogeneration is considered. The role of allowed tax savings element is translated into added effectiveness making cogeneration more attractive economically.
Mohamed Shawki Elghazali and Safaa Eldin Moustafa
Numerical Relative Orientation using elements of one projector (dependent orientation) has been applied to several cases of complete as well as incomplete stereoscopic models of flat terrain. Parallax observations were made on the Zeiss Jena Stereometrograph E. using the (by) screw. Since in all cases more than five observations were available, a least squares solution was used to solve for the five elements of relative orientation. This allowed the accuracy assessment to be based on analysis of variances and covariances. In complete models, the accuracy of the solution improved by increasing the number of the orientation points. However, some elements improved more significantly than others. For incomplete models, the distribution of the orientation points proved to be more significant than their number. The larger the determinant of the coefficient matrix of normal equations, the better was the solution. 111-conditioned systems resulted in large variances despite an increased number of orientation points.
H.Sofrata and A.F. Abdul-Fattah
A new computer code package, Interactive Fuzzy Decision Analysis (IFDA) is developed based on Fuzzy Set theory. The package utilizes, as input, verbal rating and weights for each criteria and subcriteria. IFDA handles problems in which either criteria and subcriteria or only criteria are given. The output is given in a tabulated or graphical form. The IFDA is developed on an HP-3000 Computer and HP-7221 B plotter. However, the package may be used on any other computer. To use this package, the maximum allowed number of alternatives is 20 and only 20 criteria can be selected, while the maximum number of points of a membership function are 15. The application of IFDA is illustrated by examples to show the capabilities of the package