Vol. 22 Issue 1
Ahmad AI Ghamdi and Roger Hoopingarner
The study was carried out with fifteen newly established packages of honeybees that were divided into three groups. Each group was inoculated with 5, 10, and 25 Varroa mites as an initial inoculum, respectively. The groups were widely separated from each other to reduce drifting between treatments. The development of the mite infestation was monitored every other week from May until October, 1994. Estimation of the different mite populations was based on a 72-hour mite downfall on a wire-protected sticky board, and a sample of 100 adult bees, plus 100 worker and 100 drone pupae. The colony population of adult bees and brood cells was estimated at each sample period as well. Over the period of one summer, the mite population increased 81, 188, and 193- fold for the groups that were infected with 5, 10 and 25 mites, respectively. Based on 72-hr. mite downfall, the population estimates were 2,032, 1,880 and 968 mites for the groups that started with 25, 10, and 5 mites, respectively. The estimate of the number of mites from the adult bee population was larger than the estimate obtained from sticky boards. However, variation in mite populations between the colonies was large. The sticky board method was better than adult bees and brood samples for the initial detection of mite populations at low infestation levels.
Mohammad Abu Baker and Zuhair Amr
: Thirteen species of rodents representing four families (Dipodidae. Gliridae. Muridae and Gerbillidae) were recorded in the southern desert of Wadi Ramm, Jordan. Species accounts including external and cranial measurements and comments on their distribution and diurnal activity are given. New distribution records for the known range of Eliomys melanurus, Sekeetamys calurus, Gerbillus andersoni and Meriones libycus are included.
Mohammad Khalil El Said
The shifted 1/D expansion method is used to study the spectral properties of two interacting electrons, confined in a quantum dot of two (2D) and three (3D) dimensions. Based on comparisons, the results calculated by 1/D method are in very close agreement with the exact ones.
Mohamed Abdulsalaam Ali and Kasmiran Bin Jumari
In this paper, we propose a thinning algorithm for Arabic handwriting using color coding for both thinning and gap recovery in the final output skeleton. This algorithm is designed so that it accepts unconstrained Arabic handwriting. Different colors have been given to different pixels of interest on the original image in the beginning and during the process of skeletonization. Color coding gives good optimization and demonstration and yields an efficient skeletonization. The algorithm preserves very well the shape of the original image and yields a skeleton that can be effectively incorporated in an Arabic OCR system.
Iman Mostafa Al-Bakri, Esam Salem Break
Jizan Region suffers from a shortage of water that is reflected negatively on the citizen's health as a direct result of usage of filtered water and wells. The study has illustrated economical difficulties as a result of buying bottled drinking water. The chemical analysis results illustrate that the region's water is suitable given its main components (calcium - magnesium - sulphates - chlorides) in terms of non-bottled drinking water (701- 2000), except for the existence of some organic substances (which have a plant origin) and a tiny amount of sand. We have applied the relationships of the ionic balance based on a reasonable assumption for our studies, and calculated the error range percentage of these assumptions. The value error range which has been estimated is about 1.26%. It was noticed that the drinking water which is used, and where we have analyzed some of its main elements, plus counting the amount of its sodium content, has an amount of total dissolved salts (T.D.S) in the minimum or less than the minimum (100 milligram/liter). These results could have a negative effect on the citizen's health, with the increasing probability of salt deficiency in their bodies. In addition the higher temperatures and moisture content in the area obviously increases the sweat factor. We have calculated mathematically the range of the ionic balance and T.D.S of 12 samples of bottled water from different sources. When comparing them to percentages written on the bottles, it was noticed that the percentage of the different averages between cations and anions is between (0- 27.54%). The percentages stated and those we calculated are at odds and thus a cause for concern. This has lead us to the conclusion that the apparatus used in standardizing need to be calibrated periodically if accurate figures are to be determined. It was further noticed from the results of the blood analyses of 101 samples that 16% (17% males and 12.7% females) from the group, whose ages are between 17-40 years, suffered from a lack of calcium in their blood, whereas 52% from that group suffered from calcium excess. Those marked as normal (32%), are between 2-2.6 milimole/litre.
Sharefa Salama Abu. Muriefah and Nada Ibrahim Al Jwaizea
The effect of fumigation with sulfur dioxide on wheat Triticum aestivum and barley Hordium vulgare was investigated. In this study the effect of sulfur dioxide concentrations (3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 ppm) for 2h on some physiological processes followed for the two species chlorophyll, carotene, carbohydrate and protein contents. SO2 reduction chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotene contents in both species at all concentrations. Total carbohydrate decreased by exposure to SO2 in barley seedlings at concentrations (3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5 ppm) compared to control seedlings but only decreased at the highest concentrations (4.0, 4.5, 5.0 ppm) in wheat seedlings. Also protein content decreased by exposure to SO2 in wheat seedlings at low concentrations (3.0, 3.5 ppm) but increased at (4.0, 4.5, 5.0 ppm) concentrations. In barley seedlings protein content decreased by exposure to SO2 at all concentration compared to control seedlings.