Vol. 8 Issue 3
Ali Ahmad Fora
Let (X, τ) be a topological space and let ω(τ) be the set of all lower semi-continuous functions defined from X into the closed unit interval [0,1]. We prove the following result in this paper:
If {(Xi, τi): i⋲ I} is a collection of topological spaces, then ω(I| τ1)= I|ω(τ1).
We introduce some fuzzy separation axioms and the we study their hereditary and productive properties. We also study the relation between spaces having the fixed point property and fuzzy connected spaces.
Y. Al-Khamees
A chain ring is an associative ring with identity whose ideals form a chain. We determine (in certain cases) the group of automorphisms of finite chain rings
M. El-Mobayed, G.H. Sayed, A.G. El-Shekeil and E. Abdel Ghani
The reaction of β-aroyl-α- [4(1, 3-disubstituted- 2- pyrazolin-5 -one)] propionic acids 1 with hydrazines in acetic acid afforded the unexpected 6- aryl-pyridazin-3-ones-3 instead of the expected 4-pyrazolinonyl pyridazinones through the fission of the 1, 3-disubstituted-2- pyrazolin -5-one. A probable mechanism has been proposed. Reactions of 6-aryl-pyridazin-3-ones with dimethylsulphate, diethyl sulphate, ethyl bromoacetate, phosphorous oxychloride and phosphorus pentasulphide have also been described.
B.Y. Riad, A.O. Abdelhamid and F.M. Abdel Galil
A number of pyrazoline, oxadiazine, pyrrole and thiazolylpyrrole derivatives were synthesised via the reactions of tetracyanoethene with hydrazonoyl chlorides, amides and 2- cyanomethyl-2-thiazolin-4-one. The structures of the newly synthesised heterocycles were established on the basis of elemental analysis, spectroscopic data as well as synthesis via other routes.
Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz
The electron emission from hot metals, thermionic emission, is sensitive to changes in the metal surface conditions. It provides a continuous response to changes in the surface coverage especially in the early stage o adsorption. The adsorption of gases on the surface generally causes a charge in the electron emission. Thus, from changes in the electron emission, the probability of decomposition may be found.
A relation between the hydrocarbon decomposition probability and the initial rate of thermionic emission increase has been found. This was experimentally tested in the case of methane decomposition on hot platinum surface. The simplicity and the sensitivity of this techniques make it an attractive one. This paper will describe the use of thermionic emission for the estimation of the decomposition probability of methane on platinum surface
Ezzat T.M. Selim, M.A. Rabbih and M.A. Fahmey
The ionization energies at threshold and values of higher energy levels for the molecular ions of benzyl alcohol, benzyl amine and benzyl cyanide are reported using electron impact technique. The first ionization energy values are found to be 8.26 eV (benzyl alcohol), 8.49 eV (benzyl amine) and 9.32 eV (benzyl cyanide). Some of the reported higher energy levels for the molecular ions are tentatively explained. The differences in the relative abundances for the main fragment ions are also discussed and attributed to the effect of -OH, -----NH2 and -CN groups
A. Badawi and A.M. Al-Ahmed
Based on random samples of leaves taken at about fortnightly intervals from four Ficus nitida trees, studies on the population dynamics of the oriental scale, Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) and factors affecting its seasonal abundance were carried out throughout the year 1987-1988. Counts of alive scales were made on 1 sq. inch per each leaf surface.
Four distinct peaks representing four annual generations were observed; two winter and two spring generations. During summer, the population attained its lowest level probably due to the extremely high temperature and arid climate prevailing during this period of the year. A steady increase in the population of insects was observed in autumn, and the first peak of abundance appeared at the beginning of winter.
Temperature was negatively and significantly correlated with the population values of (r) for the maximum and mean temperatures obtained (-0.6667 and -0.5995 respectively) were highly significant. On the other hand, rainfall had no apparent effect on the population (r=0.2813), while correlation with the relative humidity was slightly positive (r=0.4897). As a general rule, the sides of trees exposed to the winds harboured less individuals than the opposite sides. Crawlers seem to be forced to drift by wind to more protected zones.
Wolfgang Frey and Harald Kurschner
Collections in the Arabian Peninsula revealed that Paracaryum rugulosum and Micro paracaryum intermedium- outstanding taxa of the Irano-Turanian polymorphic Mattiastrum- Paracaryum complex- are able to penetrate southwards into the western part of the Arabian Peninsula. M. intermedium, in particular is frequent in the isolated mountains of Hisma Midyan and al- Hijaz. Due to the heteromericarpy of M. intermedium (2-3 winged nutlets and 1 (-2) glochidiate, wingless nutlets) and the differentiation of flat and inflated margins within the winged type (mattiastroid, paracaryoid forms), the species is able to colonize suitable biotopes in the isolated mountains. Within the m. intermedium complex a dispersal strategy is realized, combining the Annual shuttle strategy (telechorous strategy) with an Annual stayer strategy (atelechorous strategy).
M.A. El-Demerdash, M.A. Zahran and M.S. Serag
The present study provides estimates of the vegetation structure and its plant communities in the coastal salt marshes between Damietta and Port Said, to determine the factor or factors controlling the species distribution and to correlate the vegetational gradients with the edaphic factors. Five major communities constitute the major part of the natural vegetation of the study area and are dominated by five perennials:
Zygophyllum aegyptium A. Hosny, Arthroenemum macrostachyum (Moric) Moris and Delmonte. Haloenemum strobilaccum (Pallas) M. Bich., Juncus acutus L. and Juncus rigidus Desf. Therophytes are the most frequent life-form in these communities. The results of this study confirm the presence of a Mediterranean floristic territory in Egypt. Analysis of the correlation between the vegetational gradients and the edaphic factors shows that calcium carbonate, organic carbon, sulfate, bicarbonate and potassium are the main operating edaphic factors in this habitat
M.H.A.A. Abdel-Monem and Om Kolthom A. Aly
Soil samples were collected from different location in Eastern region of Saudi Arabia in an attempt to isolate protease and amylase producing microorganisms. The soil dilution plate method was used for the isolation of microorganisms. Modified glucose yeast extract agar medium supplemented with gelatine (GYACc) and starch (GYAS) was used.
Thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria and mesophilic fungi producing protease enzymes were isolated in all location. No thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi producing the enzyme were recovered in any of the localities. The same pattern was observed in case of recoveries of amylase producing microorganisms. Species of thermophilic actinomycetes were recovered from soil of Dammam, Qatif and Safwa. Thermophilic fungi were also recovered from three localities (Dammam, Sayhat and Thoqbah). No thermophilic microflora producing protease and amylase enzymes were obtained from Abqaiq and Jubail soils.
Among the counts of protease producing organisms, Bacillus sp 2 was dominant in 9 localities. It was absent from Abquiq soil. Streptomyces sp 2 was found in Dhahran, Dammam, Naieria localities. Penicillium sp 1 was commonly found in Abquiq, Jubail, Hassa, Naieria, Qatif, Sayhat and Thoqbah localities.
Bacillus sp 2 as amylase producing was found in 8 localities. Streptomyces sp 1 and sp 2 were found from the same five localities (Abquiq, Dammam, Dhahran, Naieria, and Qatif). Penicillium sp 1, Aspergillus ap 2 and Mycelia Sterilia were recorded in four different localities for each.